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A zero tolerance policy imposes automatic punishment for infractions of a stated rule, with the intention of eliminating undesirable conduct.〔''zero tolerance, n.'' (under ''zero, n.''). The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition 1989. Retrieved 10 November 2009 from oed.com website. ()〕〔zero tolerance. (n.d.). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Retrieved 10 November 2009, from Dictionary.com website. ()〕 Zero-tolerance policies forbid persons in positions of authority from exercising discretion or changing punishments to fit the circumstances subjectively; they are required to impose a pre-determined punishment regardless of individual culpability, extenuating circumstances, or history. This pre-determined punishment need not be severe, but it is always meted out. Zero-tolerance policies are studied in criminology and are common in formal and informal policing systems around the world. The policies also appear in informal situations where there may be sexual harassment or Internet misuse in educational and workplace environments. In 2014, the mass incarceration in the US based upon minor offenses has resulted in an outcry on the use of zero tolerance in schools and communities. 〔 Ben-Moshe, L., Chapman, C. & Carey, A.C. (2014). ''Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada''. NY, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. 〕 〔 Ervelles, N. (2014). Crippin' Jim Crow: Disability, Dis-location, and the School to Prison Pipeline. In: Carey, A., Ben-Moshe, L., & Chapman, C., ''Disability Incarcerated: Imprisonment and Disability in the United States and Canada''. NY, NY: Palgrave MacMillan. 〕 Little evidence supports the claimed effectiveness of zero-tolerance policies.〔Rowe and Bendersky, 2002〕 One underlying problem is that there are a great many reasons why people hesitate to intervene, or to report behavior they find to be unacceptable or unlawful. Zero-tolerance policies address, at best, only a few of these reasons.〔"Dealing with—or Reporting—"Unacceptable" Behavior - with additional thoughts about the Bystander Effect" © 2009 Mary Rowe MIT, Linda Wilcox HMS, Howard Gadlin NIH, JIOA, vol 2, no 1, p52.〕 ==Etymology== According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the first recorded use of the term "zero tolerance" was in 1972. It was originally used in political language in the United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Zero Tolerance )〕 An earlier use of the term came in the mid-1960s, in reference to an absolute ban of the pesticide heptachlor by the United States Food and Drug Administration; for example, in an article that appeared in the June 1963 issue of Popular Mechanics, it is stated that "Heptachlor, though, is even more toxic and has been given a 'zero tolerance' by the FDA; that is, not even the slightest trace of heptachlor is permitted on food."〔Clifford B. Hicks, ("And Was It a Silent Spring?" ), ''Popular Mechanics'', June 1963, p. 87. 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Zero tolerance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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